Elagabalus
218-222 AD
The emperor known to history as Elagabalus takes his name from the sun god of Emesa for which he had been made a high priest on May 16th, 218 AD. Elagabalus was actually born about 205 AD as Varius Avitus Bassianus and later became known as “Marcus Aurelius Antoninus“, the formal name found in titles and on his coinage. Elagabalus was born at Emesa the son of Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias, the daughter of Julia Maesa and grandson of the empress Julia Domna. He was related to Septimius Severus only through marriage but was the cousin of the emperor Caracalla.
With the assassination of Caracalla in 217 AD, power passed to the Praetorian Prefect Macrinus. At first, Macrinus made no threat against his mother Julia Domna who was living in Antioch at the time. Julia Domna, however, would not stay out of politics and eventually, Macrinus was forced to order her to leave Antioch. Julia Domna refused and instead starved herself to death. She may have actually died of cancer. It is most likely that she was dying of cancer in any event.
The Severian women were very domineering, a trait that seems to have infected the entire family. Julia Domna’s sister was certainly no exception. Julia Maesa began to make her plans to grab power using her grandson Elagabalus in 217 AD. She managed to smuggle Elagabalus into the camp of the Third Legion in Syria and by morning had convinced the troops that they should proclaim her grandson emperor of Rome.
Macrinus attempted to win back the loyalty of the troops by paying a donative. However, his recent reforms of the military made him very unpopular and instead, he was forced to flee Antioch in a futile attempt to make it back to Rome. The rebels overtook Macrinus and executed him as well as his son Diadumenian who was attempting to flee to Parthia. Thus began the reign of Elagabalus who would become one of the most notorious emperors of Rome sharing that distinction with Caligula, Nero, Commodus, and Caracalla before him. Elagabalus was accepted by the Senate as Emperor and began his journey to Rome in 219 departing from Nicomedia.
The Black Stone From God
Gold Aureus Stone of Emesa
When Elagabalus departed for Rome, he also took with him the famous black stone symbol of the sun-god Elagabalus from the temple at Emesa in Syria. Herodian described this Stone of Emesa as being rounded at its base and rising to a point at its top. There were a few rough projections, in which people believed they saw an image of the sun. This black stone was most likely a meteor lending its legend that it came from heaven as a gift from the god to mankind. Therefore, the role of the priest and the possession of this stone was of great symbolic power.
Elagabalus had been made a high priest of the sun-god cult when he was very young. The original temple was converted to a church so it still stands. Both he and his mother were religious fanatics and went as far as to take their eastern god to reign over all Roman gods in Rome itself. He constructed a very large temple adjacent to the Colosseum on the Palatine Hill. A second temple was erected just outside of Rome. He and his family would walk backward in a procession before the stone as it was brought to the second temple outside of Rome during a midsummer festival.
Cassio Dio describes the sacrifices of both animals and young boys. They made it mandatory for all to worship at the Shine of the sun-god including Jews and Christians. The sun god was supreme and all other gods were subordinate to it. His religious practices drew sharp criticism when in 220 AD Elagabalus divorced his first wife Julia Paula and took a Vestal Virgin as his wife – Aquilia Severa. Vestal Virgins had been buried alive for breaking their vows even during the reign of Caracalla. Against the advice of his mother and grandmother, Elagabalus married Aquilia arguing that a union between the high priest and priestess would be born a son of god. But this religious taboo led to so much outrage, that Aquileia had to be divorced and a third wife Annia Faustina was selected.
For all of Elagabalus‘ religious positions and many wives, he was also very notorious for being a bisexual who also enjoyed dressing up and playing the part of a woman. Cassio Dio tells us that Elagabalus even married a male slave named Hierocles and enjoyed being beaten by him as if he was Hierocles’ female slave. Other men who slept with him were given high positions in government. As such, respect for the state as a whole declined. Elagabalus even went as far as to ask doctors if they could medically transform him into a woman and carried out his own experiments by cutting off the gentiles of young men as a sacrifice to his sun god.
The totality of his behavior led to his loss of loyalty among the troops. Rebellions began as early as 218 AD when the Third Legion in Syria attempted a rebellion. This was followed by the Fourth Legion and later by the Roman Fleet. By 221 AD, his family convinced Elagabalus to adopt his cousin of 13 Severus Alexander, who was the son of his mother’s sister, Julia Mamaea.
Alexander began to clearly emerge as the favorite among the Praetorian Guard. Sometime in late 221, Elagabalus tried to order the death of Alexander but no one would carry out the execution. Finally, on March 11th, 212 AD, when Elagabalus visited the Praetorian camp, he found open support for Alexander and tried to order the arrest and execution of those offenders. Instead, the soldiers refused and Elagabalus tried to flee but was hunted down and murdered along with his mother. Thus, Severus Alexander was hailed as the emperor of Rome.
His reign was notorious for religious fanaticism, cruelty, bloodshed, and excesses of every description, and there was general satisfaction when, on March 6th, 222, Elagabalus and his mother Julia Soaemias were murdered in the praetorian camp. Their bodies were dragged through the streets of Rome and thrown into the Tiber.
Titles and Powers, 218-222 AD
Yr Tribunician Power Imp Consul Other
218 TR.P. IMP. I COS AVGVSTVS. P.M. P.P.
219 TR.P.II. COS.II.
221 TR.P.IIII.
220 TR.P.III. COS.III.
222 TR.P.V. COS.IIII.
Note: Elagabalus received the Tribunician Power on January 1st, 219 AD, and it was renewed each year on that date.
Monetary System
Mints: Rome; Antioch (Other Eastern mints ?)
Obverse Legends:
ANTONINVS PIVS SAL AVG
IMP ANTONINVI AVG
IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG.
IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVG.
IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG
IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG
Portrait Styles:
The double denominations of the Antoninianus and Dupondius were still denoted by a portrait of the emperor wearing a radiate crown. All other denominations depict the emperor with a laureate wreath. Elagabalus on some later issues is depicted with a small horn projecting from his forehead. This was an Eastern symbol of divine power.
DENOMINATIONS
AU Aureus (6.54 grams)
AU Quinarius (4.61 grams)
AR Antoninianus (=2 denarii)
AR Denarius
AR Quinarius
Æ Sestertius
Æ Dupondius
Æ As
Horned Bust of Elagabalus
A small horn projection from the forehead was an Eastern symbol of divinity
AU Aureus (6.54 grams)
AR Denarius
Æ Sestertius (Orichalcum)
Æ As (Copper)
Stone of Emesa Issues
AU Aureus (6.54 grams)
AR Denarius
Note: The earliest appearance of the Stone of Emesa on coinage is attributed to a Roman Provincial coin of Emesa issued by Antoninus Pius (138-161AD), Æ 23mm (9.69 g, 6h). Laureate head right / Eagle, holding wreath in beak, standing right, head left, on baetyl of El-Gabal; Δ to right. Emesa was the major cult center for the deity El-Gabal, who was worshipped there in the form of a baetyl which was a large black conical meteorite. It was seen as a stone sent from the Sun god. Some sixty years after Pius’ death, is when the teenage priest of the god, Varius Avitus Bassianus (Elagabalus) became emperor and moved the baetyl meteorite to Rome. By his decree, for a brief period, the Stone of Emesa became the principal deity in the Roman pantheon.
Upon the assassination of Elagabalus, his successor Severus Alexander sent the baetyl meteorite back to Emesa. The cult of El-Gabal saw a resurgence in Rome under Aurelian (270-275 AD), he wisely promoted the worship of the deity in an iconic form more acceptable to Westerners showing a human form with a radiated crown of sunbeams. This also became the source for the Statue of Liberty with the same radiated sunbeams from her head. The eastern god of Sol probably was adopted by tradition from the Sun god of Egypt.
We find Sol appearing on Roman coins post-Aurelian. The most significant use of Sol was actually employed by Constantine the Great once again for strategy political purposes. Sol tends to replace most of the Roman gods as well as the Greeks as the barbarian invasions become more aggressive following the capture of Valerian I by the Persians in 260AD. Constantine argued that there was one god and there should be only one emperor. Sol Invictus became the motto and his feast day was December 25th, which they selected for the birth of Jesus Christ.
COLONIAL
Electrum Stater Bosporos (Rheskuporis II & Elagabalus)
EGYPT
Æ Tetradrachm (13.64 grams)
SYRIA
AR Tetradrachm (13.17 grams)
