Monetary History of the World 450-350 BC by Martin A. Armstrong The Battle of Marathon and the Monetary System The Persian invasion of the Greeks in Asia Minor, under which Lydia fell to King Cyrus, marked the beginning of the legendary struggle between the Greeks and the Persians. The Greek cities in Asia Minor finally […]

Monetary History of the World 550-450BC by Martin A. Armstrong It is generally assumed that Aigina was the first city to mint coins as this new invention spread westward from Asia Minor. Aigina is an island not far off the cost of Athens between the Peloponnese and Attica. The Aiginetic standard was based on a […]

Monetary History of the World 700-550BC By Martin A. Armstrong Only since about 700 B.C. do we find a consistent record of the monetary system of the world. The credit for the creation of an official coinage system belongs to the Ionians or Lydians within the Greek Empire of Asia Minor – modern day Turkey. […]

The Origins of Money Chapter III By Martin A. Armstrong The Birth of Coinage The Importance of Weight As trade between regions and nations gradually began to expand, some form of international trade would have been necessary. It is perhaps because of this primary reason that ultimately money among trading nations at least tended to […]

The Origins of Money Chapter II By Martin A. Armstrong Money and the Evolution of Banking While prostitution has long been regarded as the first profession and lawyers as close second, the banking profession is clearly the third oldest known to humankind. The invention of banking preceded that of coinage by several thousand years. Banking […]

The Origins of Money By Martin A. Armstrong First “Official” Coinage minted in Lydia (Turkey) 700 BC The origin of money extends back in time far beyond the recorded history of civilization. Indeed, the definition of money is much broader in scope than many would typically expect. The oldest surviving written records are in cuneiform […]

Check out the newest update to the Research page The Monetary History of the World. Currently posted is The Origins of Money. More updates to the Monetary History of the World and the Research page are coming soon.

Two new updates from Martin Armstrong, Anatomy of a Debt Crisis and Goldman Sachs v Shareholders, are now out on the 2012 Writings page.

Copyright Martin Armstrong All Rights Reserved March 18th, 2012 SEC Supports Goldman Sachs v Shareholders Anyone who has traded with Goldman Sachs most likely knows it is always an adversarial relationship. Banks that trade do so for themselves and employees are compensated according to the profits made on the desk. That is the nature of […]

  Copyright Martin A. Armstrong, all right reserved March 18th, 2012 Please register for Special Updates ArmstrongEconomics.COM / Princeton Economic Institute Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: Futures, Options, and Currency trading all have large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to […]