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On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Part 3

Chapter 23: On Bounties on Production It may not be uninstructive to consider the effects of a bounty on the production of raw produce and other commodities, with a view to observe the application of the principles which I have been endeavouring to establish, with regard to the profits of stock, the division of the […]

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 5

BOOK FIVE OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH CHAPTER I: Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth ——————————————————————————– PART 1 Of the Expense of Defence THE first duty of the sovereign, that of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies, can be performed only by means of […]

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 2

BOOK TWO – INTRODUCTION OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK ——————————————————————————– IN that rude state of society in which there is no division of labour, in which exchanges are seldom made, and in which every man provides everything for himself, it is not necessary that any stock should be accumulated or stored up […]

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 1

BOOK ONE OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS. OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS. PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE. CHAPTER I ——————————————————————————– Of the Division of Labour THE greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the […]

History of Panics – The force of Creative Destruction

The History of Financial Panics By Martin A. Armstrong Throughout time, the economy of mankind has swung back and forth between some fantastic periods of prosperity and deep dark depressions. It is our failure to understand this mechanism that often drives the politics of the world also between two extremes of totalitarian regimes and communism […]

Money and the Evolution of Banking

The Origins of Money Chapter II By Martin A. Armstrong Money and the Evolution of Banking While prostitution has long been regarded as the first profession and lawyers as close second, the banking profession is clearly the third oldest known to humankind. The invention of banking preceded that of coinage by several thousand years. Banking […]

Primitive Period

The Origins of Money By Martin A. Armstrong First “Official” Coinage minted in Lydia (Turkey) 700 BC The origin of money extends back in time far beyond the recorded history of civilization. Indeed, the definition of money is much broader in scope than many would typically expect. The oldest surviving written records are in cuneiform […]

Goldman Sachs v Shareholders

Copyright Martin Armstrong All Rights Reserved March 18th, 2012 SEC Supports Goldman Sachs v Shareholders Anyone who has traded with Goldman Sachs most likely knows it is always an adversarial relationship. Banks that trade do so for themselves and employees are compensated according to the profits made on the desk. That is the nature of […]

Anatomy of a Debt Crisis that appears, only Julius Caesar ever understood.

  Copyright Martin A. Armstrong, all right reserved March 18th, 2012 Please register for Special Updates ArmstrongEconomics.COM / Princeton Economic Institute Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: Futures, Options, and Currency trading all have large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to […]

The End of Time?

Copyright May 22nd, 2011 Please register for Special Updates and Please send comments and suggestions to ArmstrongEconomic.COM Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved This Report may be forwarded as you like without charge to individuals or governments around the world. It is provided as a Public Service at this time without cost because of […]